Pharmacology and Toxicology.

Effects of Selective iNOS Inhibitor on Spatial Memory in Recovered and Non-Recovered Ketamine Induced Anesthesia

Nitric oxide (NO) is thought to be involved in spatial learning and memory in several brain areas such as hippocampus. This study examined the effects of post-training intrahippocampal microinjections of 1400W as a selective iNOS inhibitor on spatial memory, in anesthetized and non-anesthetized situations in rats. In the present work, 4-day training trials of animals were conducted. Spatial mem...

Paradigm Shift is the Normal State of Pharmacology.

Paracelsus, who died in 1541, is often credited with founding pharmacology and toxicology. Luckily, the field that is ~500 years old never got petrified. Both pharmacology and toxicology are still young and full of surprises. The era of mechanistic molecular studies was expected to yield more objective data and therefore longer-lived theories. If anything, in the last 40+ years these studies ac...

Effects of Selective iNOS Inhibitor on Spatial Memory in Recovered and Non-Recovered Ketamine Induced Anesthesia

Nitric oxide (NO) is thought to be involved in spatial learning and memory in several brain areas such as hippocampus. This study examined the effects of post-training intrahippocampal microinjections of 1400W as a selective iNOS inhibitor on spatial memory, in anesthetized and non-anesthetized situations in rats. In the present work, 4-day training trials of animals were conducted. Spatial mem...

Cytotoxicity of Juniperus excels and Salvia mirzayanii Extracts against HepG2 Cells

Evaluation of Morphological and Mitochondrial Alterations of Mouse Fetus after Exposure to Methyl tert-butyl Ether

Although the biokinetics, metabolism, and chemical toxicity of methyl tert-butyl ether are well known, little attention was paid to the potential toxic effects of MTBE on reproduction and development in mammals. To evaluate the effects of MTBE on pregnant animals, two groups (control and test) of NMRI mice were chosen. In test group 500 and 1000 mg/Kg of it were administered intraperitonealy at...

Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Toxicology of Khat (Catha Edulis Forsk): A Review

Catha edulis (khat) is a plant grown commonly in the horn of Africa. The leaves of khat are chewed by the people for its stimulant action. Its young buds and tender leaves are chewed to attain a state of euphoria and stimulation. Khat is an evergreen shrub, which is cultivated as a bush or small tree. The leaves have an aromatic odor. The taste is astringent and slightly sweet. The plant is see...